An open source programming font released by Adobe, made with the intent of maximizing usability and avoiding common design flaws in monospaced fonts. Available on Google Web Fonts.
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Github (Downloads and install instructions)
Announcement blog post (Screenshot)
The font lacks italic shapes.
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Comes with Windows. Download for mac
Consolas is specifically designed to work with ClearType, so may become highly aliased when ClearType is not turned on.
Monaco rocks!
This font shines for legibility at non-antialiased small sizes, when you really want to maximize your on-screen code.
Inconsolata-g is a variant of the popular Inconsolata that fixes the similarity between"1" [one] and the "l" [lower-case ell].
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And compared to Inconsolata:
You can download it here.
From Reddit user chrisdoner:
Particularly advantageous apart from its aesthetic rounded/smooth appeal is that it somehow scales to tiny sizes while retaining legibility and under subpixel rendering.
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This nice open source font family is derived from the Bitstream Vera family, itself close to the Microsoft core Web fonts (see Andale Mono).
The Sans Mono version is graphically close of Andale Mono, slightly bolder, with the added bonus of the bold font being of same width than the normal one (unlike Andale Mono). It is a nice property with some syntax highlighting text editors.
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Deja Vu Sans Mono is part of the Deja Vu family of fonts and is one of the most complete Unicode fonts available. This means you have access to a wide range of special symbols including mathematical symbols like arrows, operators and special alphabets. This is useful for certain languages that require special characters like Agda.
Additionally, some languages allow using these characters optionally. Moreover, there are editor modes that display characters like this without changing the underlying file, much like syntax highlighting: the Emacs modes for OCaml and Haskell are prime examples.
Anonymous Pro (2009) is a family of four fixed-width fonts designed especially with coding in mind.
Characters that could be mistaken for one another (O, 0, I, l, 1, etc.) have distinct shapes to make them easier to tell apart in the context of source code.
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While Anonymous Pro looks great on Macs, Windows and Linux PCs with antialiasing enabled, it also includes embedded bitmaps for specific pixel sizes (“ppems” in font nerd speak) for both the regular and bold weight.
Menlo is a monospaced sans-serif typeface designed by Jim Lyles. The face first shipped with OS X Snow Leopard. Menlo is based upon the Open Source font Bitstream Vera and the public domain font Deja Vu.
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There are also versions with slashed or dotted zeroes, to fit your preference.
This font offers well distinct programming characters like {} vs. () and the classically confusing 0O and 1lI. Quite narrow (like Anonymous Pro) but squarish, the letters are easy to read and offer a pleasing reading experience.
The bold version has the same width than the normal version, which is useful for syntax highlighting.
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Envy Code R also fits more into a given width when compared to Source Code Pro. You can download it here
A very narrow, highly legible programming font. Noteworthy for having quite a bit of Unicode implemented, including the APL codepoints.
Liberation Mono is styled closer to Liberation Sans than Monotype's Courier New, though its metrics match with Courier New. The Liberation fonts are intended as free, open-source replacements of the aforementioned closed source fonts.
Although similar to the popular Deja Vu monospace font, Liberation Mono takes up much less vertical space, allowing more lines code on the screen at once.
A notable quote from a commenter:
This font is absolutely fantastic. It doesn't have as much personality as, say, Inconsolata or Consolas, but what it lacks in personality it makes up for in readability. It is also very similar as the font Cousine, available on Google Fonts, but supports a wider set of characters. My favorite features of this font are the dotted zero, perfect symbols, flush underscore, and overall transparent design. I've been using it for more than a year and highly recommend it to any programmer.
Deja Vu 12pt: http://imageshack.us/a/img543/9845/dejavu12.png
Liberation Mono 13pt: http://imageshack.us/a/img43/691/liberation13.png
Download Link: https://fedorahosted.org/liberation-fonts/
Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts
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Note: The small size of this font makes it hard to compare at 11pt, please leave a comment if you think I should up the size for the screenshots.
Better rendering in code editor: 
And in the console/terminal: 
The images are actually PNG files, although the url says jpg.
Terminus is the closest thing to 6x13 fixed that comes pre-packaged on modern Linux distributions. Remember to turn off aliasing. Bitmap fonts ftw.
Was offered by Microsoft as their core Web fonts, and freely redistributable, MS no longer offer it on their site, but other places make them available.
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This fixed-width font is nicely designed, and took care of distinguishing some easily confused characters like 0O or 1lI.
Meslo LG is a customized version of Apple’s Menlo-Regular font. Screenshots are from the M variant.
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Dina is a monospace bitmap font, primarily aimed at programmers. It is relatively compact to allow a lot of code on screen, while (hopefully) clear enough to remain readable even at high resolutions.
In designing a programming font the following guidelines were followed:
Download link: http://www.donationcoder.com/Software/Jibz/Dina/
Mono-Space - Curlies, square brackets, comas, and periods are distinguishable even at 8 pt font, and comes with every windows box.
One of the original monospaced fonts available for X11R6.
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M+ M emphasize the balance of natural letterform and high legibility. while M+ MN is aimed at a new distinctive design for a terminal font specialized to programming.
The M+ fonts actually have two different monospace forms in five weights each and both are very nice for programming. One of the major advantages for both is that the light and thin weights do a good job of compensating for OS X's overly-heavy rendering of light text on dark backgrounds.
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Comes with Windows. Need some magic to make it work with Mac (need to have Office installed, otherwise must use @font-face) - see this StackOverflow for more.
TheSans Monospace has been derived from TheSans, the sans serif part of Luc(as)'s Thesis family. This new variation started as a kind turn to Thomas Merz, probably the most expertised PostScript programmer in the world. In his book "The PostScript and PDF Bible" TheMono is being used for all PostScript code. The idea is simple, give all characters equal widths. However, it turned out to be a very interesting and time consuming job. It took another 9 months to grow to its final state.
The MonoSpace appears to function very well for correspondence. A written letter in ThesisMono immediately has a personal communicative touch, and doesn't look like a detouched "print type".
A considerable amount of time has been invested in achieving an optimal screen display. For often used sizes (9, 10, 11, 12 and 14 point) the bitmaps have been hand-pixeled. (These work on mac only.) Because of extensive hand editing of hint-instructions, TheSans Mono is optimally readable in other sizes as well as on PCs with Adobe Type Manager. A delta hinted TrueType package for the office environment is on its way.
TheSans Mono is used by O'Reilly for printing code in most of its tech publications.
Linux Libertine Mono available since version 5.3.0: http://www.linuxlibertine.org/index.php?id=1&L=1
Gohu Gohufont is a monospace bitmap font well suited for programming and terminal use.
It is intended to be very legible and offers very discernable glyphs for all characters, including signs and symbols. Here is what it looks like
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6x13 is the classic fixed monospace bitmap font that is expected to be available on every X server. It is part of the misc-fixed family. These fonts were handcrafted for readability in a terminal.
Why bitmap fonts? At a small text size each character has a limited resolution. A character size of 6x13 pixels means only 78 pixels per character. Modern fonts are designed to be scalable, and are less legible at these small sizes. Using bitmap fonts increases legibility by eliminating scaling and sub-pixel aliasing artifacts. Some scalable fonts include "ppems" embedded bitmaps for this reason.
With a fixed 6x13 font, the number of characters in a terminal is easy to compute. Every character is 6x13 pixels, so a 1440x900 pixel display will render 240x69 characters. 6x13 is semi-condensed, meaning the characters are slightly thinner than usual so that more can be printed on a line.
The disadvantage of misc-fixed fonts is that they don't scale, which can cause problems with displays that vary wildly from traditional pixel density. Although 6x13 is the traditional fixed font, there are numerous other sizes ranging from 5x7 to 10x20.
Panic, Inc. which makes Coda, distributes what I find to be the best code font around: Panic Sans. It's close to Source Code Pro & Inconsolata having added uniqueness for easily confusing characters like 0 and O, l and 1, but it has better line spacing and italics.
A set of free fonts based on Computer Modern, the default font for TeX. One of the main extensions is the addition of an extensive set of diacritical characters, covering many scripts based on the Latin character set, mainly european.
Available as Type 1 PostScript or OpenType, you can get them from the official Ubuntu repositories as lmodern.
There are also small-caps, condensed, and proportional variants.
I have no idea how this font appeared on my computer but it is beautiful.
You can get it from this mysterious site by clicking the link in the right side bar.
Anyone else trying to replicate the style of the images, I pastebined the text here and here. Hopefully there are no typos.
Espresso Mono is included in the Espresso text editor by MacRabbit. The metadata indicates it was designed by the DejaVu fonts team.
The Anka/Coder family is a monospaced, courier-width (60% of height; em size 2048x1229) font that contains characters from 437, 866, 1251, 1252 and some other code pages and can be used for source code, terminal windows etc.
There are 3 font sets (regular. italic, bold, bold-italic each): 1. Anka/Coder (em size 2048x1229) 2. Anka/Coder Condensed (condensed by 12.5%; em size 2048x1075) 3. Anka/Coder Narrow (condensed by 25%; em size 2048x922)
The last, "Anka/Coder Narrow" was developed for printing of source code; it is too tight for screen resolution. The middle, "Anka/Coder Condensed" can be used for both printing and screen viewing of source code, also as for displaying terminal windows. The first, full-width "Anka/Coder" simply supplements the family.
ProFont is a small bitmap font which is absolutely great for programming. It was made for Macintosh computers, but now it's also available for Windows and Linux/UNIX X Windows.
Cruft is a variable-width font designed for programming. It was designed to ensure all characters are easily distinguishable and all punctuation is prominent enough to not be overlooked, while still being easier on the eyes than fixed-width fonts.
Download the world's most complete Apple II text font, in TrueType format. Works on Mac OS X, Windows, or any operating system that supports TrueType.
Creep is a very small (4x9px) pixel font that's great for smaller sceens. Get it at the github project page.
"Courier is a monospaced slab serif typeface designed to resemble the output from a strike-on typewriter. The typeface was designed by Howard "Bud" Kettler in 1955, and it was later redrawn by Adrian Frutiger for the IBM Selectric Composer series of electric typewriters."
— Wikipedia (EN)
UW ttyp0 is a family of monospaced bdf (X11 bitmap) fonts.
Features:
If the image above is scaled down, click it for an unscaled version.
Click here for a program code sample.
Download Link: http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/~uwe/misc/uw-ttyp0/
The Raize Font is a clean, crisp, fixed-pitched sans serif screen font that is much easier to read than the fixed pitched fonts that come with Windows. Ideally suited for programming, scripting, html writing, etc., the Raize Font can be used in any IDE or text editor.
Sudo is a space-saving font optimized for 16 pixels font size. Download at netzallee.de, source files available from GitHub
A programming font, designed with functionality in mind, and with some wibbly-wobbly handwriting-like fuzziness that makes it unassumingly cool.
This guy made the original VGA font with Unicode support.
Personally I converted it to TrueType and use it on Visual Studio with the classic blue background like old Turbo Pascal.
Happy Monkey is a display sans serif typeface family, with thin and rounded strokes. Suitable for informal headlines and all your fun typography!
Unifont is a Unicode font with a glyph for every visible Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane code point and more, with supporting utilities to modify the font. The Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane covers the first 65,536 (or 2^16) Unicode code points.
Get it from unifoundry here. The GNU Unifont project homepage also has download links and information.
FreshBold font has been created especially for assembly programming, where it is very important to have high legibility of the source, combined with maximal possible density of the source lines.
The FreshBold is inspired by FixedSys font, but has even higher density with better readability. FreshBold is very readable and will not cause eye weariness even after many hours of work.
Triskweline is a fixed-width font especially suited for text editors and programming environments. It was designed for maximum legibility and tidiness and supports all important symbols and Latin-1 characters.
You can clearly tell the difference between those troublesome characters like apostrophes and quotes.
Each character is clearly (there's that word again) different from each other to make machine reading easier and works for humans as well.
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